In the nineteenth century, Iranian reformers wanted to create an independent, modern state that could stand on its own feet.[read more>>]

Guilds, Merchants and Ulama analyzes the major functions and characteristics of these groups, and discusses how they each coped with the pressures of the world market to which Iran was increasingly exposed and which resulted in the disappearance of jobs reducing Iran’s economic and political independence.[read more>>]

In 1770, Astrakhan, on the left bank of the Volga River close to where it discharges into the Caspian Sea, was Russia’s most important southern port through which all its trade with Iran and the Orient was conducted.[read more>>]

Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration contains unique and important information on offices, ethnic attitudes and administrative developments in Iran’s Safavid government (1495–1720).[read more>>]

In August 1907, while Iran was in the throes of its Constitutional Revolution, Britain and Russia concluded a secret agreement to divide the country between themselves into zones of influence.[read more>>]

“Using private and official English and French primary sources, Iradj Amini gives us a clear and vivid description of Napoleon’s diplomatic adventures in Persia.” – Le Quotidien de Paris.[read more>>]

From ancient times to the present day, Iranian social, political, and economic life has been dramatically influenced by psychoactive agents.[read more>>]

“HOUSHANG GOLSHIRI (1937-2000) was a master stylist who wrote dense, elliptical prose, often with a (more or less) disguised political content.[read more>>]

“A veritable tour de force fusion of actuality, fantasy, and mystical transport. . . .[read more>>]